| 2000- | Paul and Jean Hanna Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
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| 2023- | Founder, Africa Fellows in Education Program, Global Education Analytics Institute |
| 2020- | Member, Council of Luminaries, Yidan Foundation |
| 2019- | Chairman, Hoover Education Success Initiative, Stanford University |
| 2019- | Co-Director, International Comparative Educational Policy Laboratory, ifo Institute |
| 2003- | Chairman, Executive Board, Texas Schools Project, University of Texas at Dallas |
| 2000-2024 | Senior Research Fellow, University of Texas at Dallas |
| 1995- | Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research |
| 2006- | Research Professor, Ifo Institute for Economic Research (University of Munich) |
| 2013- | Research Fellow, IZA Institute of Labor Economics |
| 2008- | Member, Management Team, Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research (CALDER) |
| 2008- | Area coordinator, Economics of Education, CESifo Research Network |
| 2017-2018 | John H. Makin Visiting Scholar, American Enterprise Institute (AEI) |
| 2013-2016 | Member, Council of Academic Advisers, American Enterprise Institute |
| 1999-2015 | Member, Koret Task Force on K-12 Education, Hoover Institution, Stanford University |
| 2006-2008 | Member, Scientific Advisory Council, Ifo Institute for Economic Research |
| 1978-2000 | Professor of Economics and Political Science, University of Rochester
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| 1999-2000 | Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University |
| 1994 | Visiting Fellow, Australian National University |
| 1975-1978 | Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Institution for Social and Policy Studies, Yale University |
| 1974 | Lecturer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute (Reston Campus) |
| 1968-1973 | Associate Professor of Economics, U.S. Air Force Academy (Assistant Professor, 1969-71; Instructor, 1968-69) |
| 1970-1971 | Research Associate, J.F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University |